@article{oai:shotoku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001546,
 author = {宮川, 典之 and Miyagawa, Noriyuki},
 journal = {聖徳学園岐阜教育大学紀要, Bulletin of Gifu College of Education},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {The Structuralist Literature started from a controversy over the secular movements in the terms of trade; I e., an issue on the long-term trends of North-South trade. First, the well-known Prebisch-Singer thesis attracted attention in the fields of International Trade and Development Economics. The debate over the long-term trends of deterioration of the term of trade from the standpoint of develoing countries, which typically export primary commodities for developed countries and import manufactures from them, it still lasting in the literature. Aside from the consequence of the controversy over the issue, it is certain that Prebisch-Singer thesis was the beginning of launching an offensive of 'export pessimism', which thoroughly relies on the market mechanism within the existing international trade system. In this context, the 'two-gap model' appeared in the scne. According to I. M., D., Little (1982), by the 1970s this model was the central theory as well as that of surplus labor in the UNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Two gaps consist of the saving and the foreign exchange constraints. These also reflect 'export pessimism' in the sense that the increase of export has little effect on the growth of the said economy in the both regions. Especially it has no effect in the saving constraint region in R. E.. McKinnon's model (1964). To capture implication of his model correctly, it is convenient to use Fig. II. 1. In this Fig. Two regions are distinguished by the straight line with a negative slope. It should be notes that the incease of foreign capital has a positive effect on the growth of the relevant country in each constraint region. Besides it the effect in the foreign exchane constraint region is larger than that in another. Thus the correct reading of the Figure gives us the recognition of the essence of the 'two-gap model'. However, there are some limits in these models. Various criticisms have arisen since the appearance of these models. They concentrate on the assumptions and the consequences of the inflow of foreign capital into developing countries. Particularly that in the form of foreign aid rendered them troublesome. As a result, the debt crisis occurred in many developing countries. Nevertheless it is important for us to recognize that the models affected policy makers there by having foreign capital attractive for economic growth, but that they alone should not be attributed to the crisis and they are situated in the process of theoretical development in the Structuralist field, since the 'three-gap model' which contained them within it appeared in the scene in the 1990s. Three gaps consist of the saving, the foreign xchange and the fiscal constraints. The appearance of the third gap, I. E.., fiscal constraint, implies that the experience of developing countries after the 1970s could not be explained by two gaps alone. In the course of development process, they experienced higher inflation, above-mentioned debt crisis, and a new being of capital formation in the sense that public investment crowded in private investment. So far there are two kinds of 'three-gap model', I. E., E. L. Bacha (1990) and L. Taylor (1991). In this paper we treat Bacha's one. According to him, the relation between inflation and seigniorage is shown by the Laffer curve. Along the curve, in the lower inflation level the fiscal constraint is more dominant than the other two, and beyond a certain inflation level either the saving or the foreign exchange constraint will be more binding, but in this case the crowding out of private investment will occur once the upper limit of investment is confronted. Finally when inflation accelerates further, hyper inflation will occur and the economy will collapse.},
 pages = {73--96},
 title = {「三つのギャップ」分析について},
 volume = {25},
 year = {1993},
 yomi = {ミヤガワ, ノリユキ}
}