{"created":"2023-06-20T13:52:14.906427+00:00","id":1481,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"6c84ec46-186d-4ee3-9c8e-e63a79ed5de7"},"_deposit":{"created_by":3,"id":"1481","owners":[3],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"1481"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:shotoku.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001481","sets":["1:163:182"]},"author_link":["2163","2162"],"item_3_biblio_info_12":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1990-02-28","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"145","bibliographicPageStart":"83","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"19","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"聖徳学園岐阜教育大学紀要"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of Gifu College of Education","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_3_description_11":{"attribute_name":"抄録(英)","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"One of the deteriorated aspects of U.S. policy during the Reagan period is the trade relations with Japan. Every year the U.S. government organizes new measures against Japan's trade expansion and Congress makes them more high-handed. The \"Japan issue\" or the \"Japan problem\" has brought about a political bias which overloohs the facts. It is obvious for the people, who take an unbiased view of the problem, to see that Japan has a large trade surplus because she saves more than she invests at home. The surplus of her manufactured goods is even larger, which results from the fact that she must import most of the raw materials used to produce energy and industrial goods. The U.S. dollar, which has appreciated the most against any European currency, declined to a record low against the yen. The Commerce Department, under the leadership of Carla A. Hills and Robert A. Mosbacker, proposed measures against Japan's trade surplus. USTR, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, tried to reduce the pressure from the Department by adopting lenient measures to enlarge the Japanese market rather than closing the U.S. market to Japan. To prevent the rise of the yen, a Treasury team headed by Beryl Sprinkel finished long negotiations with Japan to open up the Japanese capital market is 1984. Although some of these ndgotiations have been effective, they were not likely to reduce the U.S. trade deficit with Japan very much. They even excited nationalistic feelings toward the U.S. among the Japanese. In these times, the U.S. government did not relax her export restrictions, such as the bans on the export of Alaskan oil and logs from western public forests, which was a serious blow to the Japanese industry. Although trade officials insisted that these measures were necessary to deter Congress from taking high-handed actions against Japan, their opinion did not convince all the people who were concerned with the problem.The report of \"National Trade Estimate\" appreciated the priority practices and the countries designed for \"Super\" and \"Special\" 301 provisions of the 1988 Trade Act (Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988), and USTR considered that Japan produced some goods in violation of the Trade Act which were passed on May 25,1989. It is certain that protectionists in and out of Congress have urged the president to make more protective programs because the U.S. trade position has become precarious. They referred to the fact that tfe U.S.'s trade deficit amounted to $171.2 billion in 1987,which has been reduced since then. They also took up the problem of her trade position in the world; the U.S. has changed from the largest creditor to the heaviest debtor who now owes foreign countries about $400 billion as of the end of 1987. The U.S. government also pushed forward another multilateral negotiation under the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). In the so-called Uruguay Round launched in 1986,the U.S. proposed a ten-year phase-out of all the direct and indirect agricultural subsidies which interfered with trade, and of the barriers to promote exports. Also the American negotiators were helpful with the discussion about trade barriers and restrictions on foreign investment. An American president, who really took an interest in free trade, could exert his influence to show the propriety of free trade and use consistent public statements and his veto power to exite the people's sound instincts for trade. Although he makes some statements advocating free trade, he also contradicts them and acts as a protectionist very often. It would have been impossible for the people to reach an agreement on free trade under these circumstances. After all, the free trade policies of the U.S. seem inconsistent and to protect the interest of the country, in the eyes of some critical people who are concerned with the problem."}]},"item_3_source_id_1":{"attribute_name":"雑誌書誌ID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN0011586X"}]},"item_3_source_id_19":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"09160175"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"河内, 信幸"},{"creatorName":"カワウチ, ノブユキ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Kawauchi, Nobuyuki","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2017-03-17"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"KJ00000110166.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"5.3 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_11","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"KJ00000110166.pdf","url":"https://shotoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/1481/files/KJ00000110166.pdf"},"version_id":"f829d20d-c27c-47e8-bcd2-7f32cfdd1edf"}]},"item_keyword":{"attribute_name":"キーワード","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_subject":"trade relations","subitem_subject_language":"en","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Office of the United States Trade Representative","subitem_subject_language":"en","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988","subitem_subject_language":"en","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"},{"subitem_subject":"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade","subitem_subject_language":"en","subitem_subject_scheme":"Other"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper"}]},"item_title":"双子の赤字とスーパー301条 : 日米摩擦の諸相","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"双子の赤字とスーパー301条 : 日米摩擦の諸相"},{"subitem_title":"Twin Deficit and 'Super' 301 Provision : An Aspect of U. S.-Japan Frictions","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"3","owner":"3","path":["182"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2017-03-17"},"publish_date":"2017-03-17","publish_status":"0","recid":"1481","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["双子の赤字とスーパー301条 : 日米摩擦の諸相"],"weko_creator_id":"3","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-06-20T14:24:15.200163+00:00"}